Kubadwa kwa Lasers

Kubadwa kwa Lasers
Kupanga ma lasers kunaperekedwa ndi Einstein mu 1916 ndi chiphunzitso chake cha "kutulutsa kwadzidzidzi komanso kolimbikitsidwa". Chiphunzitsochi chimapanga maziko enieni a machitidwe amakono a laser. Kugwirizana pakati pa ma photon ndi ma atomu kungayambitse njira zitatu zosinthira: kuyamwa kolimbikitsidwa, kutulutsa kwadzidzidzi, ndi kutulutsa kolimbikitsidwa. Bola ngati kutulutsa kolimbikitsidwa kumatha kupitilira komanso kukhazikika, ma lasers amatha kupezeka. Chifukwa chake, zida zapadera - ma lasers - ziyenera kupangidwa. Kapangidwe ka laser nthawi zambiri kamakhala ndi magawo atatu akuluakulu: chinthu chogwira ntchito, chipangizo chosonkhezera, ndi resonator ya optical.

1. Chinthu chogwira ntchito

Chinthu chomwe chili mu laser chomwe chingapangitse kuwala kwa laser chimatchedwa chinthu chogwira ntchito. Muzochitika zachizolowezi, kufalikira kwa manambala a atomu mu chinthucho pamlingo uliwonse wa mphamvu ndi kufalikira kwabwinobwino. Chiwerengero cha maatomu pamlingo wotsika wa mphamvu nthawi zonse chimakhala chachikulu kuposa cha pamlingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu. Chifukwa chake, pamene kuwala kumadutsa mu mkhalidwe wabwinobwino wa chinthu chowala, njira yoyamwa imakhala yayikulu, ndipo kuwalako nthawi zonse kumafooka. Kuti kuwala kulimbitsidwe mutadutsa mu chinthu chowala ndikukwaniritsa kukulitsa kuwala, ndikofunikira kuti kutulutsa kolimbikitsidwa kukhale kwakukulu. Kuti chiwerengero cha maatomu pamlingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu chikhale chachikulu kuposa cha pamlingo wotsika wa mphamvu, kufalikira kumeneku ndikosiyana ndi kufalikira kwabwinobwino ndipo kumatchedwa kusintha kwa nambala ya tinthu.
2. Chipangizo Chokoka
Ntchito ya chipangizo choyambitsa ndi kusonkhezera maatomu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa kufika pamlingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chinthu chogwira ntchito chikwaniritse kusintha kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Miyezo ya mphamvu ya chinthuchi imaphatikizapo mkhalidwe wa nthaka ndi mkhalidwe wosangalatsa, komanso mkhalidwe wosangalatsa. Mkhalidwe wosasunthika sukhazikika kwambiri kuposa mkhalidwe wa nthaka, koma umakhala wokhazikika kwambiri kuposa mkhalidwe wosangalatsa. Ponena za izi, maatomu amatha kukhalabe mu mkhalidwe wosasunthika kwa nthawi yayitali. Mwachitsanzo, ma chromium ions (Cr3+) mu ruby ​​​​ali ndi mkhalidwe wosasunthika wokhala ndi moyo wa masekondi 10-3. Pambuyo poti chinthu chogwira ntchito chasangalatsidwa ndikukwaniritsa kusintha kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, poyamba, chifukwa cha njira zosiyanasiyana zofalitsira ma photon omwe amatulutsidwa ndi kuwala kodzidzimutsa, ma photon oyambitsa ma radiation alinso ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zofalitsira, ndipo pali zotayika zambiri mu kutulutsa ndi kuyamwa; kutulutsa kokhazikika kwa laser sikungapangidwe. Kuti kulola kuwala kolimbikitsidwa kupitirire kukhalapo mu voliyumu yochepa ya chinthu chogwira ntchito, resonator yowunikira imafunika kuti ikwaniritse kusankha ndi kukulitsa kuwala.
3. Chowunikira cha Optical
Ndi magalasi awiri owunikira ofanana omwe aikidwa kumapeto onse a chinthu chogwira ntchito, olunjika ku mzere waukulu. Malekezero amodzi ndi galasi lowunikira lonse (lokhala ndi liwiro lowunikira la 100%), ndipo malekezero ena ndi galasi lowonekera pang'ono komanso lowunikira pang'ono (lokhala ndi liwiro lowunikira la 90% mpaka 99%).
Ntchito za resonator ndi izi: ① kupanga ndi kusunga kuwala kowonjezera; ② kusankha komwe kuwala kotulutsa kumachokera; ③ kusankha kutalika kwa kutalika kwa kuwala kotulutsa. Pa chinthu china chogwira ntchito, chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kutalika kwa kuwala komwe kumatulutsa sikwapadera, ndipo sipekitiramu ili ndi m'lifupi mwake. Resonator imatha kusewera gawo losankha ma frequency, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti monochromaticity ya laser ikhale yabwino.