Ma optoelectronics a microwave, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, ndi malo olumikizirana pakati pa microwave ndizamagetsi a optoMa microwave ndi mafunde owala ndi mafunde amagetsi, ndipo ma frequency ndi osiyana kwambiri, ndipo zigawo ndi ukadaulo wopangidwa m'magawo awo ndi osiyana kwambiri. Mogwirizana, titha kupezerana mwayi, koma titha kupeza mapulogalamu ndi makhalidwe atsopano omwe ndi ovuta kuwazindikira motsatana.
Kulankhulana kwa kuwalandi chitsanzo chabwino cha kuphatikiza ma microwave ndi ma photoelectron. Kulumikizana koyambirira kwa mafoni ndi telegraph opanda zingwe, kupanga, kufalitsa ndi kulandira zizindikiro, zonse zida za microwave zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mafunde amagetsi otsika amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba chifukwa kuchuluka kwa ma frequency ndi kochepa ndipo mphamvu ya njira yotumizira ndi yochepa. Yankho ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma frequency a chizindikiro chotumizidwa, kuchuluka kwa ma frequency, ndi zinthu zambiri za spectrum. Koma chizindikiro cha ma frequency apamwamba pakutayika kwa kufalikira kwa mpweya ndi chachikulu, komanso chosavuta kutsekedwa ndi zopinga. Ngati chingwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kutayika kwa chingwe kumakhala kwakukulu, ndipo kutumiza kwakutali ndi vuto. Kuwonekera kwa kulumikizana kwa ulusi wa optical ndi yankho labwino pamavuto awa.Ulusi wowalaIli ndi kutayika kochepa kwambiri kwa ma transmission ndipo ndi chonyamulira chabwino kwambiri chotumizira ma signals pamtunda wautali. Ma frequency a mafunde a kuwala ndi ochuluka kwambiri kuposa a ma microwave ndipo amatha kutumiza njira zosiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi. Chifukwa cha ubwino uwu wakutumiza kwa kuwala, kulumikizana kwa ulusi wa kuwala kwakhala maziko a kutumiza uthenga masiku ano.
Kulankhulana kwa kuwala kwakhala ndi mbiri yakale, kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ndi kwakukulu komanso kokhwima, apa sikutanthauza zambiri. Pepalali makamaka likuyambitsa kafukufuku watsopano wa ma microwave optoelectronics m'zaka zaposachedwa kupatula kulumikizana kwa kuwala. Ma microwave optoelectronics makamaka amagwiritsa ntchito njira ndi ukadaulo m'munda wa ma optoelectronics ngati chonyamulira kuti akonze ndikukwaniritsa magwiridwe antchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumakhala kovuta kukwaniritsa ndi zida zamagetsi zachikhalidwe za ma microwave. Kuchokera pamalingaliro akugwiritsa ntchito, makamaka kumaphatikizapo mbali zitatu zotsatirazi.
Choyamba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma optoelectronics kuti apange ma microwave omwe amagwira ntchito bwino komanso opanda phokoso lalikulu, kuyambira pa X-band mpaka pa THz band.
Chachiwiri, kukonza ma signali a microwave. Kuphatikizapo kuchedwa, kusefa, kusintha ma frequency, kulandira ndi zina zotero.
Chachitatu, kutumiza zizindikiro za analog.
Munkhaniyi, wolembayo akungoyambitsa gawo loyamba, kupanga chizindikiro cha microwave. Mafunde achikhalidwe a microwave millimeter amapangidwa makamaka ndi zigawo za iii_V microelectronic. Zofooka zake zili ndi mfundo izi: Choyamba, ma frequency apamwamba monga 100GHz pamwambapa, ma microelectronic achikhalidwe amatha kupanga mphamvu zochepa, koma chizindikiro cha THz chapamwamba kwambiri, sichingachite chilichonse. Chachiwiri, kuti achepetse phokoso la gawo ndikukweza kukhazikika kwa ma frequency, chipangizo choyambirira chikuyenera kuyikidwa pamalo otentha kwambiri. Chachitatu, n'zovuta kukwaniritsa kusintha kwa ma frequency modulation. Kuti athetse mavutowa, ukadaulo wa optoelectronic ukhoza kukhala ndi gawo. Njira zazikulu zafotokozedwa pansipa.
1. Kupyolera mu kusiyana kwa ma frequency a zizindikiro ziwiri zosiyana za laser, chowunikira cha photo-frequency chapamwamba chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha ma microwave, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 1.
Chithunzi 1. Chithunzi cha ma microwave opangidwa ndi kusiyana kwa ma frequency a awirima laser.
Ubwino wa njira iyi ndi kapangidwe kosavuta, kumatha kupanga mafunde a millimeter okwera kwambiri komanso chizindikiro cha ma frequency cha THz, ndipo posintha ma frequency a laser amatha kuchita ma frequency ambiri othamanga, ma sweep frequency. Choyipa chake ndichakuti linewidth kapena phase noise ya difference frequency signal yopangidwa ndi ma laser awiri osagwirizana ndi yayikulu, ndipo kukhazikika kwa ma frequency sikokwera, makamaka ngati laser ya semiconductor yokhala ndi voliyumu yaying'ono koma linewidth yayikulu (~MHz) ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati zofunikira pa kulemera kwa system voliyumu sizili zazikulu, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ma laser olimba otsika phokoso (~kHz),ma laser a ulusi, dzenje lakunjama laser a semiconductor, ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza apo, njira ziwiri zosiyana za zizindikiro za laser zomwe zimapangidwa mu laser cavity yomweyo zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupanga ma frequency osiyana, kuti magwiridwe antchito a microwave frequency azikhala abwino kwambiri.
2. Pofuna kuthetsa vuto lakuti ma laser awiri omwe ali mu njira yapitayi sakugwirizana ndipo phokoso la chizindikiro lomwe limapangidwa ndi lalikulu kwambiri, mgwirizano pakati pa ma laser awiriwa ukhoza kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotseka ma frequency locking phase locking kapena negative feedback phase locking circuit. Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwachizolowezi kwa injection locking kuti apange ma microwave multiples (Chithunzi 2). Mwa kulowetsa mwachindunji ma frequency current signals mu semiconductor laser, kapena pogwiritsa ntchito LinBO3-phase modulator, ma optical signals angapo a ma frequency osiyanasiyana okhala ndi malo ofanana a frequency angapangidwe, kapena ma optical frequency combs. Zachidziwikire, njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti mupeze wide spectrum optical frequency comb ndikugwiritsa ntchito mode-locked laser. Ma combs awiri aliwonse mu optical frequency comb opangidwa amasankhidwa mwa kusefa ndikulowetsedwa mu laser 1 ndi 2 motsatana kuti azindikire ma frequency ndi phase locking motsatana. Chifukwa gawo pakati pa ma combs osiyanasiyana a optical frequency comb ndi lokhazikika, kotero kuti gawo logwirizana pakati pa ma laser awiriwa likhale lokhazikika, kenako ndi njira yosiyana ya ma frequency monga tafotokozera kale, ma multi-fold frequency microwave signal of the optical frequency comb repetition rate angapezeke.
Chithunzi 2. Chithunzi chojambulidwa cha chizindikiro chowirikiza kawiri cha ma microwave chomwe chimapangidwa ndi kutseka ma frequency a jakisoni.
Njira ina yochepetsera phokoso la ma laser awiriwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito PLL yowonetsa kuyankha kolakwika, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 3.
Chithunzi 3. Chithunzi cha OPL.
Mfundo ya PLL yowala ndi yofanana ndi ya PLL m'munda wa zamagetsi. Kusiyana kwa magawo a ma laser awiriwa kumasinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi ndi chowunikira (chofanana ndi chowunikira gawo), kenako kusiyana kwa magawo pakati pa ma laser awiriwa kumapezeka popanga ma frequency osiyanasiyana ndi gwero la chizindikiro cha microwave, chomwe chimakulitsidwa ndikusefedwa kenako ndikubwezeredwa ku unit yowongolera ma frequency ya imodzi mwa ma laser (kwa ma laser a semiconductor, ndi injection current). Kudzera mu loop yowongolera ma feedback yoyipa yotere, gawo la ma frequency pakati pa ma signal awiri a laser limatsekedwa ku chizindikiro cha microwave chowala. Chizindikiro chophatikizana cha kuwala chikhoza kutumizidwa kudzera mu ulusi wa kuwala kupita ku chowunikira kwina ndikusinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro cha microwave. Phokoso la magawo lomwe limabwera chifukwa cha chizindikiro cha microwave limakhala lofanana ndi la chizindikiro chowunikira mkati mwa bandwidth ya loop yowunikira ma negative feedback. Phokoso la magawo kunja kwa bandwidth ndi lofanana ndi phokoso la magawo awiri osagwirizana a ma laser awiri oyambirira.
Kuphatikiza apo, gwero la chizindikiro cha microwave lothandizira lingathenso kusinthidwa ndi magwero ena a chizindikiro kudzera pakuwirikiza kawiri pafupipafupi, kugawa pafupipafupi, kapena kukonza ma frequency ena, kotero kuti chizindikiro cha microwave chotsika kwambiri chikhoza kuwirikiza kawiri, kapena kusinthidwa kukhala ma frequency RF, THz signals apamwamba.
Poyerekeza ndi kutseka kwa ma frequency a jakisoni, ma loops otsekedwa ndi gawo amakhala osinthasintha, amatha kupanga ma frequency pafupifupi osasinthika, ndipo ndithudi ndi ovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, chisa cha ma frequency cha kuwala chomwe chimapangidwa ndi modulator ya photoelectric mu Chithunzi 2 chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la kuwala, ndipo chisa cha ma optical phase-locked chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutseka ma frequency a ma laser awiriwa ku ma signal awiri a optical comb, kenako ndikupanga ma signal apamwamba kudzera mu ma frequency osiyana, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi 4. f1 ndi f2 ndi ma frequency a chizindikiro chofotokozera a ma PLLS awiri motsatana, ndipo chizindikiro cha microwave cha N * frep + f1 + f2 chingapangidwe ndi ma frequency osiyana pakati pa ma laser awiriwa.
Chithunzi 4. Chithunzi chojambula cha kupanga ma frequency osasinthika pogwiritsa ntchito ma frequency combs ndi PLLS.
3. Gwiritsani ntchito laser ya pulse yotsekedwa ndi mode kuti musinthe chizindikiro cha pulse cha optical kukhala chizindikiro cha microwave kudzerachowunikira zithunzi.
Ubwino waukulu wa njira iyi ndikuti chizindikiro chokhala ndi kukhazikika kwa ma frequency abwino kwambiri komanso phokoso lotsika kwambiri lingapezeke. Mwa kutseka ma frequency a laser ku spectrum yokhazikika kwambiri ya atomiki ndi molecular transition, kapena malo okhazikika kwambiri a optical, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito self-doubling double frequency liquidation system frequency shift ndi matekinoloje ena, titha kupeza chizindikiro chokhazikika kwambiri cha optical pulse chokhala ndi ma frequency okhazikika kwambiri, kuti tipeze chizindikiro cha microwave chokhala ndi phokoso lotsika kwambiri la phase. Chithunzi 5.
Chithunzi 5. Kuyerekeza kwa phokoso la gawo lofanana la magwero osiyanasiyana a chizindikiro.
Komabe, chifukwa chakuti kuchuluka kwa kugunda kwa mtima kumafanana kwambiri ndi kutalika kwa m'mimba mwa laser, ndipo laser yachikhalidwe yotsekedwa ndi mode ndi yayikulu, zimakhala zovuta kupeza zizindikiro za microwave zothamanga kwambiri mwachindunji. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula, kulemera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa ma laser achikhalidwe othamanga, komanso zofunikira kwambiri pa chilengedwe, zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo makamaka m'ma laboratories. Pofuna kuthana ndi mavutowa, kafukufuku wayamba posachedwapa ku United States ndi Germany pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zosalunjika kuti apange ma frequency-stable optical combs m'ma cavities ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, apamwamba kwambiri a chirp mode, omwe amapanga zizindikiro za microwave zothamanga kwambiri.
4. opto electronic oscillator, Chithunzi 6.
Chithunzi 6. Chithunzi chojambulidwa cha oscillator yolumikizidwa ndi photoelectric.
Njira imodzi yachikhalidwe yopangira ma microwave kapena ma laser ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yodziyimira yokha, bola ngati phindu mu njira yotsekedwayo ndi lalikulu kuposa kutayika, kugwedezeka kodzipangitsa kungathe kupanga ma microwave kapena ma laser. Q ya mtundu wa Q ya njira yotsekedwayo ikakwera, gawo la chizindikiro kapena phokoso la pafupipafupi limakhala laling'ono. Pofuna kuwonjezera mphamvu ya njira yozungulira, njira yolunjika ndikuwonjezera kutalika kwa njira yozungulira ndikuchepetsa kutayika kwa kufalikira. Komabe, njira yayitali nthawi zambiri imathandizira kupanga njira zingapo zozungulira, ndipo ngati fyuluta yopapatiza yawonjezeredwa, chizindikiro cha kugwedezeka kwa microwave chocheperako pang'ono chingapezeke. Oscillator yolumikizidwa ndi Photoelectric ndi gwero la chizindikiro cha microwave kutengera lingaliro ili, imagwiritsa ntchito mokwanira mawonekedwe otsika a kutayika kwa kufalikira kwa ulusi, pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wautali kuti iwonjezere phindu la Q ya njira yozungulira, imatha kupanga chizindikiro cha microwave chokhala ndi phokoso lotsika kwambiri. Kuyambira pamene njira imeneyi inaperekedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1990, mtundu uwu wa oscillator wapeza kafukufuku wambiri komanso chitukuko chachikulu, ndipo pakadali pano pali ma oscillator amalonda ogwirizana ndi photoelectric. Posachedwapa, ma oscillator a photoelectric omwe ma frequency awo amatha kusinthidwa pamitundu yosiyanasiyana apangidwa. Vuto lalikulu la magwero a chizindikiro cha microwave kutengera kapangidwe kameneka ndilakuti kuzungulira kwake ndikutali, ndipo phokoso mu free flow yake (FSR) ndi ma frequency ake awiri zidzawonjezeka kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zigawo za photoelectric zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zambiri, mtengo wake ndi wokwera, voliyumu yake ndi yovuta kuchepetsa, ndipo ulusi wautali umakhala wovuta kwambiri kusokoneza chilengedwe.
Zomwe zili pamwambapa zikuwonetsa mwachidule njira zingapo zopangira ma signal a microwave pogwiritsa ntchito photoelectron, komanso zabwino ndi zovuta zake. Pomaliza, kugwiritsa ntchito ma photoelectron popanga ma microwave kuli ndi ubwino wina ndikuti ma signal a kuwala amatha kugawidwa kudzera mu ulusi wa kuwala ndi kutayika kochepa kwambiri, kutumiza mtunda wautali kupita ku terminal iliyonse yogwiritsira ntchito kenako nkusinthidwa kukhala ma signal a microwave, ndipo kuthekera kokana kusokonezedwa ndi ma electromagnetic kumakhala bwino kwambiri kuposa zida zamagetsi zachikhalidwe.
Kulemba nkhaniyi makamaka ndi kofunikira, ndipo kuphatikiza ndi zomwe wolembayo adakumana nazo pakufufuza komanso zomwe adakumana nazo pankhaniyi, pali zolakwika ndi kusamvetsetsa, chonde mvetsetsani.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-03-2024