Ma Optocouplers, omwe amalumikiza ma circuits pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za kuwala ngati cholumikizira, ndi chinthu chogwira ntchito m'malo omwe kulondola kwambiri ndikofunikira, monga ma acoustics, mankhwala ndi mafakitale, chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo kwakukulu komanso kudalirika, monga kulimba komanso kutchinjiriza.
Koma kodi optocoupler imagwira ntchito liti komanso pansi pa zochitika ziti, ndipo mfundo yake ndi iti? Kapena mukamagwiritsa ntchito photocoupler pantchito yanu yamagetsi, simungadziwe momwe mungasankhire ndikuigwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa optocoupler nthawi zambiri imasokonezedwa ndi "phototransistor" ndi "photodiode". Chifukwa chake, chomwe photocoupler ndi chiyani chidzafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi.
Kodi chojambulira zithunzi (photocoupler) n'chiyani?
Optocoupler ndi gawo lamagetsi lomwe etymology yake ndi yowoneka bwino
coupler, zomwe zikutanthauza "kugwirizana ndi kuwala." Nthawi zina imadziwikanso kuti optocoupler, optical isolator, optical insulation, ndi zina zotero. Imakhala ndi chinthu chotulutsa kuwala ndi chinthu cholandira kuwala, ndipo imalumikiza dera lolowera ndi dera lotulutsa kudzera mu chizindikiro cha kuwala. Palibe kulumikizana kwamagetsi pakati pa mabwalo awa, mwa kuyankhula kwina, mu mkhalidwe woteteza. Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana kwa dera pakati pa cholowetsa ndi chotulutsa ndi chosiyana ndipo chizindikiro chokhacho chimatumizidwa. Lumikizani mabwalo mosamala okhala ndi milingo yosiyana kwambiri yamagetsi olowera ndi otulutsa, ndi kutetezera kwamphamvu kwamagetsi pakati pa cholowetsa ndi chotulutsa.
Kuphatikiza apo, potumiza kapena kutseka chizindikiro ichi cha kuwala, chimagwira ntchito ngati switch. Mfundo ndi njira yake zidzafotokozedwa mtsogolo, koma chinthu chotulutsa kuwala cha photocoupler ndi LED (light emitting diode).
Kuyambira m'ma 1960 mpaka m'ma 1970, pamene ma led anapangidwa ndipo kupita patsogolo kwawo kwaukadaulo kunali kwakukulu,zamagetsi a optoinakhala chitukuko. Panthawiyo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazipangizo zowunikirazidapangidwa, ndipo cholumikizira cha photoelectric chinali chimodzi mwa izo. Pambuyo pake, ma optoelectronics adalowa mwachangu m'miyoyo yathu.
① Mfundo/njira
Mfundo ya optocoupler ndi yakuti chinthu chotulutsa kuwala chimasintha chizindikiro chamagetsi cholowera kukhala kuwala, ndipo chinthu cholandira kuwala chimatumiza chizindikiro chamagetsi chobwerera ku magetsi kupita ku dera lotulutsa kuwala. Chinthu chotulutsa kuwala ndi chinthu cholandira kuwala zili mkati mwa chipika cha kuwala kwakunja, ndipo ziwirizi zili moyang'anizana kuti zipereke kuwala.
Semiconductor yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zinthu zotulutsa kuwala ndi LED (light-emitting diode). Kumbali ina, pali mitundu yambiri ya semiconductor yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zipangizo zolandirira kuwala, kutengera malo ogwiritsira ntchito, kukula kwakunja, mtengo, ndi zina zotero, koma kawirikawiri, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi phototransistor.
Pamene sizikugwira ntchito, ma phototransistors samakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri monga momwe ma semiconductor wamba amachitira. Pamene kuwala kwachitika pamenepo, phototransistor imapanga mphamvu ya photoelectromotive pamwamba pa semiconductor ya P-type ndi N-type semiconductor, mabowo omwe ali mu semiconductor ya N-type amalowa m'dera la p, semiconductor yaulere ya ma electron m'dera la p imalowa m'dera la n, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi imalowa m'dera la n, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi imalowa.
Ma Phototransistors sayankha bwino ngati ma photodiode, koma alinso ndi mphamvu yokweza mphamvu ya chizindikiro cholowera kufika pa mazana ambiri mpaka kuwirikiza ka 1,000 (chifukwa cha mphamvu yamagetsi yamkati). Chifukwa chake, amatha kunyamula zizindikiro zofooka, zomwe ndi zabwino.
Ndipotu, "choletsa kuwala" chomwe timachiwona ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chokhala ndi mfundo ndi njira yomweyo.
Komabe, zolepheretsa kuwala nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati masensa ndipo zimagwira ntchito yawo podutsa chinthu choletsa kuwala pakati pa chinthu chotulutsa kuwala ndi chinthu cholandira kuwala. Mwachitsanzo, chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzindikira ndalama ndi ndalama za banki mumakina ogulitsa ndi ma ATM.
② Zinthu Zapadera
Popeza optocoupler imatumiza zizindikiro kudzera mu kuwala, kutchinjiriza pakati pa mbali yolowera ndi mbali yotulutsira ndi chinthu chachikulu. Kutchinjiriza kwakukulu sikukhudzidwa mosavuta ndi phokoso, komanso kumalepheretsa kuyenda kwa magetsi mwangozi pakati pa mabwalo oyandikana, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pankhani ya chitetezo. Ndipo kapangidwe kake ndi kosavuta komanso koyenera.
Chifukwa cha mbiri yake yayitali, mndandanda wazinthu zambiri zopangidwa ndi opanga osiyanasiyana ndi mwayi wapadera wa ma optocouplers. Chifukwa palibe kukhudzana kwenikweni, kuwonongeka pakati pa ziwalozo ndi kochepa, ndipo moyo wake ndi wautali. Kumbali ina, palinso zizindikiro zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwala kukhale kosavuta kusintha, chifukwa LED imachepa pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi komanso kusintha kwa kutentha.
Makamaka pamene gawo lamkati la pulasitiki yowonekera bwino kwa nthawi yayitali, litakhala la mitambo, silingakhale lowala bwino. Komabe, mulimonsemo, nthawi yake imakhala yayitali kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukhudzana ndi kukhudzana ndi makina.
Ma Phototransistors nthawi zambiri amakhala ochedwa kuposa ma photodiode, kotero sagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizirana mwachangu. Komabe, izi sizoyipa, chifukwa zigawo zina zimakhala ndi ma amplification circuits kumbali yotulutsa kuti ziwonjezere liwiro. Ndipotu, si ma elekitironi onse omwe amafunika kuwonjezera liwiro.
③ Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Zolumikizira zamagetsiamagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka posinthana. Dera lidzapatsidwa mphamvu poyatsa switch, koma malinga ndi makhalidwe omwe ali pamwambapa, makamaka kutchinjiriza ndi moyo wautali, liyenera bwino pazochitika zomwe zimafuna kudalirika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, phokoso ndi mdani wa zamagetsi azachipatala ndi zida zamawu/zipangizo zolumikizirana.
Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu makina oyendetsa mota. Chifukwa cha mota ndichakuti liwiro limayendetsedwa ndi inverter ikayendetsedwa, koma imapanga phokoso chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwakukulu. Phokoso ili silidzangopangitsa kuti mota yokha ilephere, komanso limayenda kudzera "pansi" zomwe zimakhudza zolumikizira. Makamaka, zida zokhala ndi mawaya ataliatali ndizosavuta kunyamula phokoso lalikulu lotulutsa, kotero ngati litachitika ku fakitale, lingayambitse kutayika kwakukulu ndipo nthawi zina limayambitsa ngozi zazikulu. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma optocouplers otetezedwa kwambiri posinthira, kukhudzidwa kwa ma circuits ndi zida zina kumatha kuchepetsedwa.
Chachiwiri, momwe mungasankhire ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma optocouplers
Kodi mungagwiritse ntchito bwanji optocoupler yoyenera pakupanga zinthu? Mainjiniya otsatirawa opanga ma microcontroller adzafotokoza momwe mungasankhire ndikugwiritsira ntchito ma optocouplers.
① Nthawi zonse tsegulani ndipo tsekani nthawi zonse
Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma photocouplers: mtundu umene switch imazimitsidwa (kuzima) pamene palibe magetsi, mtundu umene switch imayatsidwa (kuzima) pamene magetsi akugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi mtundu umene switch imayatsidwa pamene palibe magetsi. Ikani ndi kuzimitsa pamene magetsi akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Yoyamba imatchedwa kuti nthawi zambiri imatsegulidwa, ndipo yomaliza imatchedwa kuti nthawi zambiri imatsekedwa. Momwe mungasankhire, choyamba zimatengera mtundu wa dera lomwe mukufuna.
② Yang'anani mphamvu yotulutsa ndi mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito
Ma Photocouplers ali ndi mphamvu yokulitsa chizindikiro, koma nthawi zonse samadutsa mu voltage ndi current nthawi iliyonse yomwe akufuna. Zachidziwikire, imayesedwa, koma voltage iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera kumbali yolowera malinga ndi current yotuluka yomwe mukufuna.
Ngati tiyang'ana pepala la deta ya malonda, titha kuwona tchati pomwe mzere wolunjika ndiye mphamvu yotulutsa (mphamvu yosonkhanitsa) ndipo mzere wopingasa ndi mphamvu yolowetsa (mphamvu yosonkhanitsa-yotulutsa). Mphamvu yosonkhanitsa imasiyana malinga ndi mphamvu ya kuwala kwa LED, choncho ikani mphamvuyo malinga ndi mphamvu yotulutsa yomwe mukufuna.
Komabe, mungaganize kuti mphamvu yotulutsa yomwe yawerengedwa pano ndi yaying'ono modabwitsa. Iyi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ingathe kutulutsidwabe modalirika pambuyo poganizira kuwonongeka kwa LED pakapita nthawi, kotero ndi yocheperapo kuposa kuchuluka kwakukulu.
M'malo mwake, pali nthawi zina pomwe mphamvu yotulutsa si yayikulu. Chifukwa chake, posankha optocoupler, onetsetsani kuti mwayang'ana mosamala "mphamvu yotulutsa" ndikusankha chinthu chomwe chikugwirizana nayo.
③ Mphamvu yayikulu
Mphamvu yayikulu yoyendetsera magetsi ndi mphamvu yayikulu yomwe optocoupler imatha kupirira ikayendetsa magetsi. Apanso, tiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti tikudziwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yomwe polojekitiyi ikufuna komanso kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yolowera magetsi tisanagule. Onetsetsani kuti mphamvu yayikulu ndi mphamvu yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito si malire, koma pali malire ena.
④ Khazikitsani chithunzi cholumikizira bwino
Popeza tasankha optocoupler yoyenera, tiyeni tiigwiritse ntchito pa ntchito yeniyeni. Kukhazikitsa kokha ndikosavuta, ingolumikizani ma terminal olumikizidwa ku dera lililonse lolowera ndi dera lotulukira. Komabe, samalani kuti musasokoneze mbali yolowera ndi mbali yotulukira. Chifukwa chake, muyeneranso kuyang'ana zizindikiro zomwe zili mu tebulo la deta, kuti musapeze kuti phazi la cholumikizira cha photoelectric silili bwino mutajambula bolodi la PCB.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-29-2023