Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ndi mitundu ikuluikulu yalaser ya semiconductor
SemiconductorMa diode a laser, chifukwa cha luso lawo lapamwamba, kusinthasintha kwa mafunde ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mafunde, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zigawo zazikulu za ukadaulo wa optoelectronic m'magawo monga kulumikizana, chisamaliro chamankhwala ndi kukonza mafakitale. Nkhaniyi ikufotokozanso mfundo yogwirira ntchito ndi mitundu ya ma laser a semiconductor, omwe ndi osavuta kusankha omwe ofufuza ambiri a optoelectronic amagwiritsa ntchito.
1. Mfundo yotulutsa kuwala ya ma laser a semiconductor
Mfundo ya kuwala kwa ma laser a semiconductor imachokera ku kapangidwe ka gulu, kusintha kwa zamagetsi ndi kutulutsa kwa zinthu za semiconductor. Zipangizo za semiconductor ndi mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zili ndi bandgap, zomwe zimaphatikizapo valence band ndi conduction band. Zinthuzo zikafika pansi, ma elekitironi amadzaza valence band pomwe palibe ma elekitironi mu conduction band. Pamene magetsi ena agwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kapena mphamvu yalowa, ma elekitironi ena amasamuka kuchoka ku valence band kupita ku conduction band, ndikupanga ma elekitironi-hole awiriawiri. Panthawi yotulutsa mphamvu, pamene ma elekitironi-hole awiriwa akusonkhezeredwa ndi dziko lakunja, ma photon, kutanthauza ma laser, amapangidwa.
2. Njira zolimbikitsira za ma laser a semiconductor
Pali njira zitatu zoyatsira ma laser a semiconductor, zomwe ndi mtundu wa jakisoni wamagetsi, mtundu wa pampu yamagetsi ndi mtundu wa choyatsira champhamvu cha ma electron beam.
Ma laser a semiconductor omwe amalowetsedwa ndi magetsi: Kawirikawiri, ndi ma diode a semiconductor surface-junction opangidwa ndi zinthu monga gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium sulfide (CdS), indium phosphide (InP), ndi zinc sulfide (ZnS). Amasangalala poika mphamvu yamagetsi motsatira forward bias, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya utuluke m'dera la junction plane.
Ma laser a semiconductor opumidwa ndi kuwala: Kawirikawiri, makhiristo a semiconductor amtundu wa N kapena P (monga GaAS, InAs, InSb, ndi zina zotero) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chogwirira ntchito, ndipolaserMa laser ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chisangalalo chopopedwa ndi kuwala.
Ma laser a semiconductor opangidwa ndi mphamvu zambiri a electron beam-excited semiconductor: Kawirikawiri, amagwiritsanso ntchito makristasi amodzi a semiconductor a mtundu wa N kapena P (monga PbS,CdS,ZhO, ndi zina zotero) ngati chinthu chogwira ntchito ndipo amasangalatsidwa poikapo kuwala kwa ma electron beam amphamvu kwambiri kuchokera kunja. Pakati pa zipangizo za semiconductor laser, yomwe imagwira ntchito bwino komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi laser ya GaAs diode yomwe imayikidwa ndi magetsi yokhala ndi heterostructure iwiri.
3. Mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma laser a semiconductor
Chigawo Chogwira Ntchito cha laser ya semiconductor ndi malo ofunikira popanga ndi kukulitsa photon, ndipo makulidwe ake ndi ma micrometer ochepa chabe. Kapangidwe ka ma waveguide amkati amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa ma photon mbali ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu (monga ma ridge waveguides ndi ma heterojunctions obisika). Laser imagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka heat sink ndikusankha zinthu zotenthetsera kutentha kwambiri (monga copper-tungsten alloy) kuti kutentha kutenthe mwachangu, zomwe zingalepheretse kusuntha kwa wavelength komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Malinga ndi kapangidwe kawo ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, ma semiconductor lasers amatha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi otsatirawa:
Laser Yotulutsa Mphepete (EEL)
Laser imatuluka kuchokera pamwamba pa ming'alu yomwe ili m'mbali mwa chip, ndikupanga malo ozungulira (okhala ndi ngodya yosiyana ya pafupifupi 30°×10°). Mafunde odziwika bwino a mafunde ndi 808nm (yopopera), 980 nm (yolumikizirana), ndi 1550 nm (yolumikizirana ndi ulusi). Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri podula mafakitale amphamvu kwambiri, magwero opopera a laser ya ulusi, ndi maukonde olumikizirana ndi optical.
2. Laser Yotulutsa Madzi Pamwamba Yopingasa (VCSEL)
Laser imatulutsidwa mozungulira pamwamba pa chip, ndi kuwala kozungulira komanso kofanana (Divergence Angle <15°). Imaphatikiza chowunikira cha Bragg chogawidwa (DBR), chomwe chimachotsa kufunikira kwa chowunikira chakunja. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu 3D sensing (monga kuzindikira nkhope ya foni yam'manja), kulumikizana kwafupipafupi kwa kuwala (malo olumikizira deta), ndi LiDAR.
3. Laser ya Quantum Cascade (QCL)
Kutengera kusintha kwa ma elekitironi pakati pa quantum Wells, kutalika kwa mafunde kumaphimba mtunda wa pakati pa infrared ndi far (3-30 μm), popanda kufunikira kwa population inversion. Ma photon amapangidwa kudzera mu intersubband transitions ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu monga gas sensing (monga CO₂ detection), terahertz imaging, ndi environmental monitoring.
Kapangidwe ka galasi lakunja la laser yosinthika (grating/prism/MEMS mirror) kakhoza kukwaniritsa kutalika kwa mafunde a ±50 nm, ndi mzere wopapatiza (<100 kHz) ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha side-mode rejection (>50 dB). Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magwiritsidwe ntchito monga kulumikizana kwa dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), kusanthula kwa spectral, ndi kujambula kwa biomedical. Ma laser a semiconductor amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zida zolumikizirana za laser, zida zosungiramo laser ya digito, zida zogwiritsira ntchito laser, zida zolembera ndi kulongedza za laser, kukonza ndi kusindikiza kwa laser, zida zachipatala za laser, zida zozindikira mtunda wa laser ndi collimation, zida za laser ndi zida zosangalatsa ndi maphunziro, zigawo za laser ndi zigawo, ndi zina zotero. Ndi za zigawo zazikulu za makampani a laser. Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito zake, pali mitundu yambiri ndi opanga ma laser. Posankha, ziyenera kutengera zosowa zenizeni ndi magawo ogwiritsira ntchito. Opanga osiyanasiyana ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'magawo osiyanasiyana, ndipo kusankha opanga ndi ma laser kuyenera kupangidwa malinga ndi gawo lenileni la ntchito ya polojekitiyi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-05-2025