Laser mfundo ndi ntchito yake

Laser imatanthawuza njira ndi chida chopangira ma collimated, monochromatic, kuwala kolumikizana kudzera pakukulitsa ma radiation ndi mayankho ofunikira. Kwenikweni, kupanga laser kumafuna zinthu zitatu: "resonator," "gain medium," ndi "gwero lopopa."

A. Mfundo

Mayendedwe a atomu amatha kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana amphamvu, ndipo pamene atomu ikusintha kuchoka pa mlingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu kupita ku mphamvu yochepa, imatulutsa ma photon a mphamvu zofanana (zomwe zimatchedwa cheza chodzidzimutsa). Mofananamo, pamene photon ikuchitika pa mphamvu ya mphamvu ndi kutengeka nayo, idzachititsa kuti atomu isinthe kuchoka ku mphamvu yochepa kupita ku mphamvu yapamwamba (yomwe imatchedwa kuyamwa kwachisangalalo); Kenako, ma atomu ena omwe amasintha kupita kumagulu apamwamba amphamvu adzasintha kupita ku milingo yocheperako yamphamvu ndikutulutsa ma photons (otchedwa ma radiation stimulated). Zoyendazi sizichitika mwapayekha, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana. Tikapanga chikhalidwe, monga kugwiritsa ntchito sing'anga yoyenera, resonator, malo okwanira amagetsi akunja, ma radiation olimbikitsidwa amakulitsidwa kotero kuti kuposa mayamwidwe olimbikitsa, ndiye kuti ambiri, padzakhala zithunzi zotulutsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwala kwa laser.

B. Gulu

Malinga ndi sing'anga yomwe imapanga laser, laser imatha kugawidwa kukhala laser yamadzimadzi, laser yamafuta ndi laser yolimba. Tsopano laser yodziwika bwino ya semiconductor ndi mtundu wa laser yolimba.

C. Mapangidwe

Ma lasers ambiri amapangidwa ndi magawo atatu: makina osangalatsa, zinthu za laser ndi resonator optical. Machitidwe okondweretsa ndi zipangizo zomwe zimapanga kuwala, magetsi kapena mphamvu zamagetsi. Pakalipano, njira zazikulu zolimbikitsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuwala, magetsi kapena chemical reaction. Zinthu za laser ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kupanga kuwala kwa laser, monga rubi, galasi la beryllium, gasi wa neon, semiconductors, utoto wachilengedwe, ndi zina. wa laser.

D. Ntchito

Laser chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka CHIKWANGWANI kulankhulana, laser kuyambira, laser kudula, laser zida, laser chimbale ndi zina zotero.

E. Mbiri

Mu 1958, asayansi aku America a Xiaoluo ndi Townes adapeza chodabwitsa: akayika kuwala kopangidwa ndi babu mkati mwa kristalo wosowa padziko lapansi, mamolekyu a kristalo amatulutsa kuwala, nthawi zonse palimodzi kuwala kolimba. Malinga ndi chodabwitsa ichi, iwo anakonza "laser mfundo", ndiye kuti, pamene chinthu amasangalala ndi mphamvu yomweyo monga zachilengedwe oscillation mafupipafupi mamolekyu ake, izo zimatulutsa kuwala kolimba amene si diverge - laser. Anapeza mapepala ofunika kwambiri pa izi.

Pambuyo pa kufalitsidwa kwa zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Sciolo ndi Townes, asayansi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana adapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera, koma sizinapambane. Pa Meyi 15, 1960, Mayman, wasayansi ku Hughes Laboratory ku California, adalengeza kuti adapeza laser yokhala ndi kutalika kwa ma microns 0.6943, yomwe inali laser yoyamba yomwe anthu adapezapo, ndipo Mayman adakhala wasayansi woyamba padziko lapansi. kuyambitsa lasers m'munda wothandiza.

Pa Julayi 7, 1960, Mayman adalengeza za kubadwa kwa laser yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi, dongosolo la Mayman ndikugwiritsa ntchito chubu champhamvu kwambiri kuti chiwongolere maatomu a chromium mu ruby ​​crystal, potero kutulutsa mzere wowala kwambiri wofiyira, pomwe uwotchedwa. pa nthawi inayake, imatha kufika kutentha kwambiri kuposa pamwamba pa dzuwa.

Wasayansi waku Soviet H.Γ Basov anapanga laser semiconductor mu 1960. Kapangidwe ka laser semiconductor nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi P wosanjikiza, N wosanjikiza ndi yogwira wosanjikiza omwe amapanga heterojunction iwiri. Makhalidwe ake ndi: kukula kwazing'ono, kugwirizanitsa kwakukulu, kuthamanga kwachangu, kutalika kwa kutalika ndi kukula kofanana ndi kukula kwa fiber, akhoza kusinthidwa mwachindunji, kugwirizanitsa bwino.

Chachisanu ndi chimodzi, ena mwa njira zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito laser

F. Laser kulankhulana

Kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala kufalitsa uthenga n'kofala kwambiri masiku ano. Mwachitsanzo, sitima zapamadzi zimagwiritsa ntchito magetsi polankhulana, ndipo magetsi amagwiritsira ntchito zofiira, zachikasu, ndi zobiriwira. Koma njira zonsezi zotumizira uthenga pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala wamba zitha kungokhala pa mtunda waufupi. Ngati mukufuna kufalitsa uthenga mwachindunji kumadera akutali kudzera mu kuwala, simungagwiritse ntchito kuwala wamba, koma ntchito lasers.

Ndiye mumapereka bwanji laser? Tikudziwa kuti magetsi amatha kunyamulidwa ndi mawaya amkuwa, koma kuwala sikunganyamulidwe ndi mawaya wamba achitsulo. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, asayansi apanga ulusi womwe umatha kutumiza kuwala, wotchedwa optical fiber, wotchedwa fiber. Ulusi wowoneka bwino umapangidwa ndi zida zapadera zamagalasi, m'mimba mwake ndi woonda kuposa tsitsi la munthu, nthawi zambiri ma microns 50 mpaka 150, komanso ofewa kwambiri.

M'malo mwake, pakatikati pa ulusiwo ndi cholozera chowoneka bwino chagalasi lowoneka bwino, ndipo zokutira zakunja zimapangidwa ndi galasi lotsika la refractive index kapena pulasitiki. Kapangidwe kotereku, kumbali imodzi, kungapangitse kuwala kozungulira mkati mwapakati, monga madzi akuyenda kutsogolo mu chitoliro cha madzi, magetsi operekedwa patsogolo mu waya, ngakhale zikwi zokhotakhota ndi zokhota zilibe kanthu. Kumbali ina, zokutira zocheperako zimatha kuletsa kuwala kuti zisatuluke, monga momwe chitoliro chamadzi sichimadumphira komanso chingwe chotsekereza cha waya sichimayendetsa magetsi.

Maonekedwe a fiber optical amathetsa njira yotumizira kuwala, koma sizikutanthauza kuti ndi kuwala kulikonse kungathe kufalikira kutali kwambiri. Kuwala kokhako, mtundu woyera, laser yolunjika bwino, ndiye gwero lowala kwambiri lotumizira zidziwitso, limalowetsedwa kuchokera kumalekezero amodzi a ulusi, pafupifupi osatayika ndi kutulutsa kuchokera kumalekezero ena. Choncho, kulankhulana kuwala kwenikweni ndi laser kulankhulana, amene ali ubwino waukulu mphamvu, apamwamba, gwero lonse la zipangizo, chinsinsi champhamvu, durability, etc., ndipo amatamandidwa ndi asayansi monga kusintha m'munda wa kulankhulana, ndipo ndi chimodzi. za zopambana zanzeru kwambiri pakusintha kwaukadaulo.