Laser imatanthauza njira ndi chida chopangira kuwala kolumikizana, kofanana, kogwirizana kudzera mu kukulitsa kwa radiation komanso kuyankha kofunikira. Mwachidule, kupanga laser kumafuna zinthu zitatu: "resonator," "gain medium," ndi "pumping source."
A. Mfundo
Mkhalidwe wa kayendedwe ka atomu ukhoza kugawidwa m'magawo osiyanasiyana a mphamvu, ndipo pamene atomu isintha kuchoka pamlingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu kupita kumlingo wotsika wa mphamvu, imatulutsa ma photoni a mphamvu yofanana (yotchedwa ma radiation odzidzimutsa). Mofananamo, pamene photoni yachitika pa dongosolo la mphamvu ndikuyamwa nayo, imapangitsa atomu kusintha kuchoka pamlingo wotsika wa mphamvu kupita kumlingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu (yotchedwa ma absorption excited); Kenako, ma atomu ena omwe amasintha kupita kumlingo wapamwamba wa mphamvu adzasintha kupita kumlingo wotsika wa mphamvu ndi kutulutsa ma photoni (yotchedwa ma radiation stimulated). Kusuntha kumeneku sikuchitika padera, koma nthawi zambiri kumachitika nthawi imodzi. Tikapanga mkhalidwe, monga kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera, resonator, mphamvu yamagetsi yakunja yokwanira, ma radiation stimulated imakulitsidwa kotero kuti kuposa ma absorption stimulated, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri, padzakhala ma photoni otulutsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwala kwa laser.
B. Kugawa
Malinga ndi njira yomwe imapanga laser, laser ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: laser yamadzimadzi, laser ya gasi ndi laser yolimba. Tsopano laser yodziwika kwambiri ya semiconductor ndi mtundu wa laser yolimba.
C. Kapangidwe kake
Ma laser ambiri amapangidwa ndi magawo atatu: makina osonkhezera, zinthu za laser ndi resonator ya kuwala. Makina osonkhezera ndi zida zomwe zimapanga mphamvu ya kuwala, magetsi kapena mankhwala. Pakadali pano, njira zazikulu zolimbikitsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuwala, magetsi kapena mankhwala. Zinthu za laser ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kupanga kuwala kwa laser, monga rubies, galasi la beryllium, mpweya wa neon, ma semiconductors, utoto wachilengedwe, ndi zina zotero. Ntchito ya optical resonance control ndikuwonjezera kuwala kwa laser yotulutsa, kusintha ndikusankha kutalika kwa nthawi ndi komwe laser ikupita.
D. Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Laser imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, makamaka kulumikizana kwa ulusi, kusanthula kwa laser, kudula kwa laser, zida za laser, ma disc a laser ndi zina zotero.
Mbiri ya E.
Mu 1958, asayansi aku America Xiaoluo ndi Townes adapeza chodabwitsa chamatsenga: akayika kuwala komwe kumatulutsidwa ndi babu lamkati pa galasi lachilendo lapadziko lapansi, mamolekyu a galasilo amatulutsa kuwala kowala, nthawi zonse pamodzi. Malinga ndi chodabwitsa ichi, adapereka lingaliro la "mfundo ya laser", kutanthauza kuti, pamene chinthucho chikukhudzidwa ndi mphamvu yomweyo monga momwe mamolekyu ake amasinthira, chimapanga kuwala kwamphamvu kumeneku komwe sikusiyana - laser. Adapeza mapepala ofunikira pa izi.
Pambuyo pofalitsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Sciolo ndi Townes, asayansi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana adapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera, koma sizinapambane. Pa Meyi 15, 1960, Mayman, wasayansi ku Hughes Laboratory ku California, adalengeza kuti adapeza laser yokhala ndi kutalika kwa ma microns 0.6943, yomwe inali laser yoyamba yomwe anthu adapezapo, ndipo motero Mayman adakhala wasayansi woyamba padziko lonse lapansi kuyambitsa ma laser m'munda wothandiza.
Pa Julayi 7, 1960, Mayman adalengeza kubadwa kwa laser yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi, njira ya Mayman ndikugwiritsa ntchito chubu champhamvu kwambiri chowunikira kuti chilimbikitse maatomu a chromium mu kristalo wa ruby, motero kupanga mzere woonda kwambiri wa kuwala kofiira, ukawotchedwa pamalo enaake, ukhoza kufika kutentha kokwera kuposa pamwamba pa dzuwa.
Wasayansi wa ku Soviet H.Γ Basov ndiye anapanga laser ya semiconductor mu 1960. Kapangidwe ka laser ya semiconductor nthawi zambiri kamakhala ndi P layer, N layer ndi active layer zomwe zimapanga double heterojunction. Makhalidwe ake ndi awa: kukula kochepa, kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, liwiro loyankha mwachangu, kutalika kwa mafunde ndi kukula komwe kumagwirizana ndi kukula kwa ulusi wa kuwala, kumatha kusinthidwa mwachindunji, kugwirizana bwino.
Zisanu ndi chimodzi, zina mwa malangizo akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito laser
F. Kulankhulana ndi laser
Kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala potumiza uthenga n’kofala kwambiri masiku ano. Mwachitsanzo, sitima zapamadzi zimagwiritsa ntchito magetsi polankhulana, ndipo magetsi oyendera magalimoto amagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kofiira, kwachikasu, ndi kobiriwira. Koma njira zonsezi zotumizira uthenga pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala wamba zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mtunda waufupi. Ngati mukufuna kutumiza uthenga mwachindunji kumalo akutali kudzera mu kuwala, simungagwiritse ntchito kuwala wamba, koma gwiritsani ntchito ma laser okha.
Ndiye mumapereka bwanji laser? Tikudziwa kuti magetsi amatha kunyamulidwa ndi mawaya amkuwa, koma kuwala sikunganyamulidwe ndi mawaya wamba achitsulo. Pachifukwa ichi, asayansi apanga ulusi womwe ungathe kutumiza kuwala, wotchedwa ulusi wowala, wotchedwa ulusi. Ulusi wowala umapangidwa ndi zinthu zapadera zagalasi, kukula kwake ndi kopyapyala kuposa tsitsi la munthu, nthawi zambiri kumakhala ma microns 50 mpaka 150, komanso kofewa kwambiri.
Ndipotu, mkati mwa ulusi ndi chizindikiro chapamwamba cha galasi lowonekera bwino, ndipo chophimba chakunja chimapangidwa ndi galasi lotsika la refractive index kapena pulasitiki. Kapangidwe kotere, kumbali imodzi, kangapangitse kuwala kupendekeka mkati mwa pakati, monga momwe madzi akuyendera patsogolo mu chitoliro cha madzi, magetsi otumizidwa patsogolo mu waya, ngakhale kuti kupotoka ndi kutembenuka zikwizikwi sikukhudza. Kumbali ina, chophimba chaching'ono cha refractive index chingalepheretse kuwala kutuluka, monga momwe chitoliro cha madzi sichimalowa ndipo gawo loteteza la waya siliyendetsa magetsi.
Kuoneka kwa ulusi wowala kumathetsa njira yotumizira kuwala, koma sizikutanthauza kuti ndi kuwalako, kuwala kulikonse kumatha kutumizidwa kutali kwambiri. Kuwala kwakukulu kokha, mtundu woyera, laser yabwino yolunjika, ndiye gwero labwino kwambiri la kuwala lotumizira chidziwitso, ndi malo olowera kuchokera kumapeto kwa ulusi, pafupifupi palibe kutayika ndi kutuluka kuchokera kumapeto ena. Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana kwa kuwala kwenikweni ndi kulumikizana kwa laser, komwe kuli ndi ubwino wa mphamvu yayikulu, mtundu wapamwamba, gwero lalikulu la zinthu, chinsinsi champhamvu, kulimba, ndi zina zotero, ndipo asayansi amayamikira ngati kusintha kwakukulu pankhani yolumikizirana, ndipo ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zachitika pakusintha kwaukadaulo.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-29-2023