Mapangidwe a photonic Integrated circuit

Kupanga kwachithunziIntegrated dera

Photonic Integrated circuits(PIC) nthawi zambiri amapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi zolemba za masamu chifukwa cha kufunikira kwa kutalika kwa njira mu interferometers kapena ntchito zina zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutalika kwa njira.Zithunzi za PICamapangidwa ndikusisita zigawo zingapo (nthawi zambiri 10 mpaka 30) pa chowotcha, chomwe chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ambiri a polygonal, omwe nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa mu mtundu wa GDSII. Musanatumize fayilo kwa wopanga photomask, ndizofunika kwambiri kuti muthe kutsanzira PIC kuti mutsimikizire kulondola kwa mapangidwewo. Kuyerekezerako kumagawidwa m'magulu angapo: mlingo wotsika kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a electromagnetic (EM) atatu-dimensional electromagnetic (EM), kumene kuyerekezera kumachitidwa pamtunda wa sub-wavelength, ngakhale kuti kuyanjana pakati pa maatomu muzinthuzo kumayendetsedwa pamlingo wa macroscopic. Njira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo magawo atatu amtundu womaliza wa Time-domain (3D FDTD) ndi eigenmode expansion (EME). Njirazi ndizolondola kwambiri, koma sizothandiza nthawi yonse yoyeserera ya PIC. Mulingo wotsatira ndi 2.5-dimensional EM kayeseleledwe, monga finite-difference beam propagation (FD-BPM). Njirazi ndi zachangu kwambiri, koma zimapereka zolondola ndipo zimatha kuthana ndi kufalitsa kwa paraxial ndipo sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsanzira ma resonators, mwachitsanzo. Mulingo wotsatira ndi 2D EM kayeseleledwe, monga 2D FDTD ndi 2D BPM. Izi zilinso zachangu, koma zimakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ochepa, monga momwe sangathe kutsanzira polarization rotators. Mulingo winanso ndikuyerekeza ndi / kapena kumwaza matrix. Chigawo chachikulu chilichonse chimachepetsedwa kukhala chigawo chokhala ndi zolowetsa ndi zotuluka, ndipo chiwongolero cholumikizidwa chimachepetsedwa kukhala gawo losinthira ndi gawo lochepetsera. Zoyerekeza izi zimathamanga kwambiri. Chizindikiro chotuluka chimapezedwa ndikuchulukitsa matrix opatsira ndi chizindikiro cholowera. Matrix obalalika (omwe zinthu zake zimatchedwa S-parameters) zimachulukitsa zolowetsa ndi zotulutsa mbali imodzi kuti zipeze zolowetsa ndi zotuluka mbali ina ya chigawocho. Kwenikweni, matrix obalalitsa amakhala ndi chiwonetsero chamkati mwa chinthucho. Matrix obalalika nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa matrix opatsira mugawo lililonse. Mwachidule, kuchokera ku 3D EM kupita ku kayesedwe ka matrix / kufalikira kwa matrix, gawo lililonse la kuyerekezera limapereka malonda pakati pa liwiro ndi kulondola, ndipo okonza amasankha mulingo woyenera wofananira pazosowa zawo zenizeni kuti akwaniritse ntchito yotsimikizira mapangidwe.

Komabe, kudalira kayeseleledwe ka ma elekitiroma a zinthu zina ndikugwiritsa ntchito matrix obalalitsa/kutengera kutengera PIC yonse sikutsimikizira kupanga kolondola kokwanira kutsogolo kwa mbale yoyenda. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa njira zosawerengeka, ma multimode ma waveguide omwe amalephera kupondereza bwino njira zapamwamba, kapena ma waveguide awiri omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mnzake zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zolumikizana mosayembekezereka zimatha kuwoneka mosayembekezereka. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale zida zofananira zapamwamba zimapereka luso lamphamvu lotsimikizira kapangidwe kake, zimafunikirabe kukhala tcheru komanso kuyang'aniridwa mosamala ndi wopanga, kuphatikiza zokumana nazo zenizeni komanso chidziwitso chaukadaulo, kuti zitsimikizire kulondola ndi kudalirika kwa mapangidwewo ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo pepala loyenda.

Njira yotchedwa sparse FDTD imalola zoyeserera za 3D ndi 2D FDTD kuti zichitike mwachindunji pamapangidwe athunthu a PIC kuti atsimikizire kapangidwe kake. Ngakhale ndizovuta kuti chida chilichonse choyerekeza chamagetsi chifanizire PIC yayikulu kwambiri, FDTD yochepa imatha kutengera dera lalikulu kwambiri. Mwachikhalidwe cha 3D FDTD, kuyerekezera kumayamba ndikuyambitsa magawo asanu ndi limodzi a gawo lamagetsi amagetsi mkati mwa voliyumu yochulukidwa. Pamene nthawi ikupita, gawo latsopano lamunda mu voliyumu limawerengedwa, ndi zina zotero. Gawo lirilonse limafuna mawerengedwe ambiri, choncho zimatenga nthawi yaitali. Mu sparse 3D FDTD, m'malo mowerengera pa sitepe iliyonse pa voliyumu iliyonse, mndandanda wa zigawo za m'munda umasungidwa zomwe zingathe kufanana ndi voliyumu yayikulu mopanda malire ndikuwerengedwa kokha pazigawozo. Pa sitepe iliyonse, mfundo zoyandikana ndi zigawo za m'munda zimawonjezedwa, pamene zigawo zomwe zili pansi pa mphamvu zina zimatsitsidwa. Pazinthu zina, kuwerengera uku kumatha kukhala maulamuliro angapo akukula mwachangu kuposa chikhalidwe cha 3D FDTD. Komabe, FDTDS yochepa sichita bwino pochita zinthu zobalalika chifukwa nthawiyi imafalikira kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mndandanda ukhale wautali komanso wovuta kuwongolera. Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa chithunzi chazithunzi za 3D FDTD zofananira zofanana ndi polarization beam splitter (PBS).

Chithunzi 1: Zotsatira zoyeserera kuchokera ku 3D sparse FDTD. (A) ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a kapangidwe kameneka, komwe ndi njira yolowera. (B) Ikuwonetsa chithunzithunzi cha kayeseleledwe pogwiritsa ntchito quasi-TE excitation. Zithunzi ziwiri zomwe zili pamwambazi zikuwonetsa mawonedwe apamwamba a zizindikiro za quasi-TE ndi quasi-TM, ndipo zithunzi ziwiri zomwe zili pansipa zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ofanana. (C) Ikuwonetsa chithunzi cha kayeseleledwe pogwiritsa ntchito quasi-TM excitation.