LiNbO3 gawo modulator imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina olumikizirana othamanga kwambiri, ma laser sensing ndi machitidwe a ROF chifukwa cha electro-optic effect. Mndandanda wa R-PM wozikidwa paukadaulo wa Ti-diffused ndi APE, uli ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika amthupi ndi mankhwala, omwe amatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri pakuyesa kwa labotale ndi machitidwe a mafakitale.