Chinthu chogwira ntchito cha silicon photonics

Chinthu chogwira ntchito cha silicon photonics

Zigawo zogwira ntchito za Photonics zimatanthauza makamaka kuyanjana kwamphamvu komwe kumapangidwira mwadala pakati pa kuwala ndi zinthu. Chigawo chogwira ntchito cha photonics ndi modulator yowala. Zonse zomwe zimachokera ku siliconma modulators a kuwalazimachokera ku mphamvu ya plasma free carrier. Kusintha chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi ndi mabowo aulere mu chinthu cha silicon pogwiritsa ntchito doping, njira zamagetsi kapena kuwala kungasinthe index yake yovuta ya refractive, njira yomwe yawonetsedwa mu ma equation (1,2) yomwe imapezeka poyika deta kuchokera ku Soref ndi Bennett pa wavelength ya 1550 nanometers. Poyerekeza ndi ma elekitironi, mabowo amachititsa gawo lalikulu la kusintha kwenikweni ndi kongopeka kwa index ya refractive, ndiko kuti, amatha kupanga kusintha kwakukulu kwa gawo la kusintha kwa kutayika komwe kwaperekedwa, kotero muMa modulators a Mach-Zehnderndi ma modulators a mphete, nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mabowo popangama modulators a gawo.

Zosiyanasiyanamodulator ya silicon (Si)Mitundu ya ma types akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 10A. Mu chojambulira chojambulira, kuwala kumakhala mu silicon yamkati mkati mwa malo olumikizirana a pin, ndipo ma electron ndi mabowo amalowetsedwa. Komabe, ma modulators oterewa amakhala ochedwa, nthawi zambiri okhala ndi bandwidth ya 500 MHz, chifukwa ma electron ndi mabowo omasuka amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti agwirizanenso pambuyo pa jakisoni. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe kameneka nthawi zambiri kamagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira chosinthika (VOA) m'malo mwa chowongolera. Mu chowongolera chotsitsa cha chojambulira, gawo la kuwala limapezeka mu malo olumikizirana ang'onoang'ono a pn, ndipo m'lifupi mwa malo olumikizirana a pn limasinthidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Chowongolera ichi chimatha kugwira ntchito pa liwiro loposa 50Gb/s, koma chimakhala ndi kutayika kwakukulu kwa kuyika kumbuyo. Vpil wamba ndi 2 V-cm. Chowongolera cha metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) (kwenikweni semiconductor-oxide-semiconductor) chimakhala ndi wosanjikiza woonda wa oxide mu malo olumikizirana a pn. Zimalola kuti zinthu zina zonyamulira komanso zonyamulira ziwonongeke, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti VπL yochepa ya pafupifupi 0.2 V-cm, koma ili ndi vuto la kutayika kwakukulu kwa kuwala ndi capacitance yayikulu pa unit. Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma modulators a SiGe electrical absorption modulators omwe amachokera ku SiGe (silicon Germanium alloy) band edge movement. Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma modulators a graphene omwe amadalira graphene kuti asinthe pakati pa zitsulo zoyamwa ndi zoteteza zowonekera. Izi zikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa momwe njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwira ntchito kuti zikwaniritse kusintha kwa chizindikiro cha kuwala mwachangu komanso kotsika.

Chithunzi 10: (A) Chithunzi chojambulidwa cha mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a modulator opangidwa ndi silicon ndi (B) chithunzi chojambulidwa cha mapangidwe a optical detector.

Zowunikira kuwala zingapo zochokera ku silicon zawonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 10B. Zinthu zomwe zimayamwa ndi germanium (Ge). Ge imatha kuyamwa kuwala pa mafunde ofikira pafupifupi ma microns 1.6. Chomwe chikuwonetsedwa kumanzere ndi kapangidwe ka pini kopambana kwambiri masiku ano. Chimapangidwa ndi silicon yopangidwa ndi mtundu wa P komwe Ge imakulira. Ge ndi Si zili ndi kusiyana kwa lattice kwa 4%, ndipo kuti zichepetse kusokonekera, wosanjikiza woonda wa SiGe umakula koyamba ngati wosanjikiza wa buffer. Kupopera kwa mtundu wa N kumachitika pamwamba pa wosanjikiza wa Ge. Photodiode yachitsulo-semiconductor-metal (MSM) ikuwonetsedwa pakati, ndipo APD (chowunikira zithunzi cha chipale chofewa) akuwonetsedwa kumanja. Dera la chigumula mu APD lili ku Si, komwe kuli phokoso lochepa poyerekeza ndi dera la chigumula mu zinthu za Gulu III-V.

Pakadali pano, palibe njira zothetsera mavuto zomwe zili ndi ubwino woonekeratu pophatikiza optical gain ndi silicon photonics. Chithunzi 11 chikuwonetsa njira zingapo zomwe zingakonzedwe motsatira mulingo wa assembly. Kumanzere kwenikweni kuli monolithic integrations zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito epitaxially growned germanium (Ge) ngati optical gain material, erbium-doped (Er) glass waveguides (monga Al2O3, yomwe imafuna optical pumping), ndi epitaxially growned gallium arsenide (GaAs) quantum dots. Mzere wotsatira ndi wafer to wafer assembly, yomwe ikuphatikizapo oxide ndi organic bonding mu III-V group gain region. Mzere wotsatira ndi chip-to-wafer assembly, yomwe ikuphatikizapo kuyika III-V group chip mu cavity ya silicon wafer kenako ndikukonza waveguide structure. Ubwino wa njira yoyamba iyi ya mzati zitatu ndikuti chipangizochi chikhoza kuyesedwa bwino mkati mwa wafer musanadule. Mzati wakumanja kwambiri ndi chip-to-chip assembly, kuphatikiza kulumikizana mwachindunji kwa silicon chips ku III-V group chips, komanso kulumikizana kudzera mu lens ndi grating couplers. Chizolowezi cha mapulogalamu amalonda chikusintha kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere kwa tchati kupita ku mayankho ophatikizika komanso ophatikizika.

Chithunzi 11: Momwe kuwala kwa optical kumaphatikizidwira mu silicon-based photonics. Pamene mukuyenda kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja, malo opangira zinthu amabwerera pang'onopang'ono mu ndondomekoyi.