Chidule cha ma linear and nonlinear Optics

Mwachidule za Linear Optics ndi nonlinear Optics

Kutengera kuyanjana kwa kuwala ndi zinthu, ma optics amatha kugawidwa kukhala linear optics (LO) ndi nonlinear optics (NLO). Linear Optics (LO) ndiye maziko a classical optics, yoyang'ana kwambiri kulumikizana kwa mzere wa kuwala. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, optics nonlinear (NLO) amapezeka pamene kuwala kwa kuwala sikuli kofanana mwachindunji ndi kuyankha kwa zinthu, makamaka pansi pa zinthu zowala kwambiri, monga lasers.

Linear Optics (LO)
Mu LO, kuwala kumayenderana ndi zinthu motsika kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kumaphatikiza fotoni imodzi pa atomu kapena molekyu. Kuyanjana kumeneku kumabweretsa kupotoza kochepa kwa ma atomiki kapena mamolekyu, kukhalabe mu chikhalidwe chake, chosasokonezeka. Mfundo yayikulu mu LO ndikuti dipole lopangidwa ndi gawo lamagetsi limagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu yamunda. Chifukwa chake, LO imakwaniritsa mfundo za superposition ndi zowonjezera. Mfundo ya superposition imanena kuti dongosolo likamayendetsedwa ndi mafunde angapo a electromagnetic, kuyankha kwathunthu kumakhala kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mayankho amunthu aliyense pamafunde aliwonse. Zowonjezera mofananamo zimasonyeza kuti kuyankha kwathunthu kwa dongosolo la optical yovuta likhoza kutsimikiziridwa mwa kuphatikiza mayankho a zinthu zake payekha. Linearity mu LO imatanthawuza kuti khalidwe la kuwala limakhala lokhazikika pamene mphamvu ikusintha - zomwe zimatuluka zimakhala zofanana ndi zomwe zalowetsa. Kuonjezera apo, mu LO, palibe kusakanikirana kwafupipafupi, kotero kuwala komwe kumadutsa mu dongosolo loterolo kumasunga maulendo ake ngakhale atakhala ndi kukulitsa kapena kusinthidwa kwa gawo. Zitsanzo za LO zimaphatikizanso kuyanjana kwa kuwala ndi zinthu zoyambira zowoneka bwino monga magalasi, magalasi, ma wave plate, ndi ma diffraction gratings.

Nonlinear Optics (NLO)
NLO imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyankha kwake kosagwirizana ndi kuwala kwamphamvu, makamaka pansi pamikhalidwe yamphamvu kwambiri pomwe zotulutsa sizingafanane ndi mphamvu yolowera. Mu NLO, ma photon angapo amalumikizana ndi zinthu nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kusakanikirana kwa kuwala ndi kusintha kwa refractive index. Mosiyana ndi LO, komwe kuwala kumakhala kosasinthasintha mosasamala kanthu za kulimba, zotsatira zopanda malire zimangowonekera pakuwala kwambiri. Pakuchulukiraku, malamulo omwe nthawi zambiri amayang'anira kuyanjana kwa kuwala, monga mfundo ya superposition, sagwiranso ntchito, ndipo ngakhale vacuum yokha imatha kuchita mosagwirizana. Kusagwirizana pakati pa kuwala ndi zinthu kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa maulendo osiyanasiyana a kuwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zochitika monga kubadwa kwa harmonic, ndi chiwerengero ndi kusiyana kwafupipafupi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma optics osagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe amaphatikiza njira za parametric momwe mphamvu yowunikira imagawidwiranso kuti ipange ma frequency atsopano, monga zikuwonekera mu parametric amplification ndi oscillation. Chinthu chinanso chofunikira ndikudzisintha kwa magawo, momwe gawo la kuwala kwa kuwala limasinthidwa ndi mphamvu yake - zotsatira zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulankhulana kwa kuwala.

Kuyanjana kwa zinthu zowala mu zowoneka bwino komanso zosagwirizana
Mu LO, pamene kuwala kumagwirizana ndi zinthu, kuyankha kwa zinthuzo kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu ya kuwala. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, NLO imaphatikizapo zipangizo zomwe zimangoyankha osati kukula kwa kuwala, komanso m'njira zovuta kwambiri. Kuwala kwamphamvu kwambiri kukagunda zinthu zopanda mzere, kumatha kutulutsa mitundu yatsopano kapena kusintha kuwalako mwanjira zachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, kuwala kofiyira kumatha kusinthidwa kukhala kuwala kobiriwira chifukwa kuyankha kwazinthu kumakhudza zambiri osati kusintha kofananira - kungaphatikizepo kuwirikiza kawiri kapena zovuta zina. Khalidweli limabweretsa zovuta zowoneka bwino zomwe sizikuwoneka muzinthu wamba zofananira.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira komanso zopanda mzere
LO imagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kuphatikiza magalasi, magalasi, ma wave plates, ndi ma diffraction gratings. Amapereka dongosolo losavuta komanso losavuta kumvetsetsa momwe kuwala kumayendera mu machitidwe ambiri a kuwala. Zipangizo monga zosinthira magawo ndi zogawanitsa matabwa nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku LO, ndipo gawolo lasintha mpaka pomwe mabwalo a LO apeza kutchuka. Mabwalowa tsopano akuwoneka ngati zida zogwirira ntchito zambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo monga ma microwave ndi quantum optical signal processing ndi zomangamanga zomwe zikubwera za bioheuristic computing. NLO ndi yatsopano ndipo yasintha magawo osiyanasiyana kudzera m'magwiritsidwe ake osiyanasiyana. Pankhani yolumikizirana ndi ma telecommunications, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamakina a fiber optic, zomwe zimakhudza malire otumizira ma data pomwe mphamvu ya laser ikuwonjezeka. Zida zowunikira zimapindula ndi NLO kudzera munjira zapamwamba zama microscope monga confocal microscopy, yomwe imapereka kutsimikizika kwakukulu, kujambula komweko. NLO imakulitsanso ma lasers pothandizira kupanga ma lasers atsopano ndikusintha mawonekedwe a kuwala. Zathandiziranso njira zowunikira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga zachiwiri-harmonic generation ndi two-photon fluorescence. Mu biophotonics, NLO imathandizira kuyerekeza kwakuya kwa minyewa yopanda kuwonongeka pang'ono ndipo imapereka zilembo zaulere zamitundumitundu. Mundawu uli ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wa terahertz, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga ma terahertz amphamvu anthawi imodzi. Mu quantum optics, zotsatira zopanda mzere zimathandizira kulumikizana kwachulukidwe kudzera pakukonza ma frequency converters ndi ma photon ophatikizidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, zatsopano za NLO ku Brillouin kubalalitsa zidathandizira kukonza ma microwave komanso kugwirizanitsa gawo lopepuka. Ponseponse, NLO ikupitiliza kukankhira malire aukadaulo ndi kafukufuku m'magawo osiyanasiyana.

Linear ndi nonlinear Optics ndi zotsatira zake paukadaulo wapamwamba
Optics imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku komanso matekinoloje apamwamba. LO imapereka maziko a machitidwe ambiri owoneka bwino, pomwe NLO imayendetsa zinthu zatsopano m'malo monga matelefoni, ma microscope, ukadaulo wa laser, ndi biophotonics. Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa mu NLO, makamaka zokhudzana ndi zida ziwiri, zalandira chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe angagwiritse ntchito m'mafakitale ndi sayansi. Asayansi akuwunikanso zida zamakono monga madontho a quantum posanthula motsatizana za mizere yofananira komanso yopanda mzere. Pamene kafukufuku akupita patsogolo, kumvetsetsa kophatikizana kwa LO ndi NLO n'kofunika kwambiri kukankhira malire a teknoloji ndikukulitsa mwayi wa sayansi ya kuwala.