Chidule cha ma optics olunjika ndi osakhala olunjika

Chidule cha ma optics olunjika ndi ma optics osakhala olunjika

Kutengera momwe kuwala kumagwirizanirana ndi zinthu zina, ma optics amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: linear optics (LO) ndi nonlinear optics (NLO). Linear optics (LO) ndiye maziko a ma optics akale, omwe amayang'ana kwambiri kulumikizana kwa kuwala. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma nonlinear optics (NLO) amapezeka pamene mphamvu ya kuwala siili yofanana ndi momwe kuwala kumayankhira, makamaka pansi pa kuwala kwakukulu, monga ma lasers.

Linear Optics (LO)
Mu LO, kuwala kumalumikizana ndi zinthu pa mphamvu zochepa, nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo photon imodzi pa atomu kapena molekyulu. Kuyanjana kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusokonekera kochepa kwa mkhalidwe wa atomu kapena molekyulu, kukhalabe mu mkhalidwe wake wachilengedwe, wosasokonezeka. Mfundo yayikulu mu LO ndi yakuti dipole yoyambitsidwa ndi munda wamagetsi imakhala yofanana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu ya munda. Chifukwa chake, LO imakwaniritsa mfundo za superposition ndi additivity. Mfundo ya superposition imati pamene dongosolo likukhudzidwa ndi mafunde ambiri amagetsi, yankho lonse limakhala lofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mayankho a munthu aliyense pa mafunde aliwonse. Additivity imasonyezanso kuti yankho lonse la dongosolo lovuta la kuwala lingathe kudziwika mwa kuphatikiza mayankho a zinthu zake payekha. Linearity mu LO imatanthauza kuti khalidwe la kuwala limakhala lokhazikika pamene mphamvu ikusintha - kutulutsa kumakhala kofanana ndi zomwe zalowetsedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mu LO, palibe kusakanikirana kwa ma frequency, kotero kuwala komwe kumadutsa mu dongosolo lotere kumasunga ma frequency ake ngakhale kutakhala ndi amplification kapena kusintha kwa gawo. Zitsanzo za LO zimaphatikizapo kuyanjana kwa kuwala ndi zinthu zoyambira za kuwala monga magalasi, magalasi, ma wave plates, ndi diffraction gratings.

Ma Optics Opanda Mzere (NLO)
NLO imadziwika ndi yankho lake losakhala la mzere ku kuwala kwamphamvu, makamaka pansi pa mphamvu yayikulu pomwe kutulutsa sikufanana ndi mphamvu yolowera. Mu NLO, ma photon angapo amalumikizana ndi zinthuzo nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwala kusakanikirane ndi kusintha kwa refractive index. Mosiyana ndi LO, komwe khalidwe la kuwala limakhala lofanana mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu, zotsatira zosakhala za mzere zimangowonekera pamphamvu yayikulu ya kuwala. Pa mphamvu iyi, malamulo omwe nthawi zambiri amalamulira kuyanjana kwa kuwala, monga mfundo ya superposition, sagwiranso ntchito, ndipo ngakhale vacuum yokha imatha kuchita zinthu mosagwirizana. Kusagwirizana pakati pa kuwala ndi chinthu kumalola kuyanjana pakati pa ma frequency osiyanasiyana a kuwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu monga kupanga harmonic, ndi kupanga ma frequency okwanira ndi kusiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, ma optics osakhala a mzere amaphatikizapo njira za parametric momwe mphamvu ya kuwala imagawidwanso kuti ipange ma frequency atsopano, monga momwe zimawonedwera mu parametric amplification ndi oscillation. Chinthu china chofunikira ndi self-phase modulation, momwe gawo la mafunde a kuwala limasinthidwa ndi mphamvu yake - zotsatira zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulumikizana kwa kuwala.

Kuyanjana kwa zinthu zowala mu kuwala kolunjika ndi kosakhala kolunjika
Mu LO, kuwala kukakhudzana ndi chinthu, momwe zinthuzo zimayankhira zimakhala zogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya kuwala. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, NLO imaphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zimayankha osati mphamvu ya kuwala kokha, komanso m'njira zovuta kwambiri. Pamene kuwala kwamphamvu kwambiri kukagunda chinthu chosakhala cha mzere, kumatha kupanga mitundu yatsopano kapena kusintha kuwala m'njira zachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, kuwala kofiira kungasinthidwe kukhala kuwala kobiriwira chifukwa momwe zinthuzo zimayankhira kumaphatikizapo zambiri osati kusintha kofanana - kungaphatikizepo kuwirikiza kawiri kapena kuyanjana kwina kovuta. Khalidweli limabweretsa zovuta zambiri za kuwala zomwe sizimawoneka muzinthu wamba zolunjika.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira zolunjika komanso zopanda mzere
LO imakhudza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ukadaulo wa kuwala womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kuphatikizapo magalasi, magalasi, ma wave plates, ndi ma diffraction gratings. Imapereka njira yosavuta komanso yowerengera yomvetsetsa momwe kuwala kumayendera m'makina ambiri owonera. Zipangizo monga ma phase shifters ndi ma beam splitters nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu LO, ndipo gawoli lasintha mpaka pomwe ma LO circuits atchuka. Ma circuits awa tsopano akuwoneka ngati zida zogwirira ntchito zambiri, ndi ntchito m'malo monga microwave ndi quantum optical signal processing ndi ma bioheuristic computing architectures omwe akubwera. NLO ndi yatsopano ndipo yasintha magawo osiyanasiyana kudzera mu ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana. Mu gawo la kulumikizana kwa matelefoni, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu fiber optic systems, zomwe zimakhudza malire otumizira deta pamene mphamvu ya laser ikukwera. Zipangizo zowunikira zimapindula ndi NLO kudzera mu njira zapamwamba za microscopy monga confocal microscopy, yomwe imapereka zithunzi zapamwamba komanso zodziwika bwino. NLO imawonjezeranso ma laser pothandiza kupanga ma laser atsopano ndikusintha mawonekedwe a kuwala. Yakonzanso njira zojambulira za kuwala kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kupanga kwachiwiri kwa harmonic ndi two-photon fluorescence. Mu biophotonics, NLO imathandizira kujambula mozama minofu popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu ndipo imapereka chizindikiro chaulere cha biochemical contrast. Mundawu uli ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba wa terahertz, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga ma pulses amphamvu a terahertz a nthawi imodzi. Mu quantum optics, zotsatira zosalunjika zimathandiza kulumikizana kwa quantum kudzera mukukonzekera ma frequency converters ndi ma equivalents a photon. Kuphatikiza apo, zatsopano za NLO mu Brillouin scattering zinathandiza pa microwave processing ndi light phase conjugation. Ponseponse, NLO ikupitilizabe kupititsa patsogolo ukadaulo ndi kafukufuku m'magawo osiyanasiyana.

Ma optics a mzere ndi osakhala mzere komanso tanthauzo lawo paukadaulo wapamwamba
Ma Optics amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku komanso ukadaulo wapamwamba. LO imapereka maziko a machitidwe ambiri odziwika bwino a kuwala, pomwe NLO imayendetsa zatsopano m'magawo monga kulumikizana kwa telefoni, maikulosikopu, ukadaulo wa laser, ndi biophotonics. Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa mu NLO, makamaka chifukwa chokhudzana ndi zinthu zamitundu iwiri, kwalandiridwa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito zawo zomwe zingatheke m'mafakitale ndi sayansi. Asayansi akufufuzanso zinthu zamakono monga ma quantum dots posanthula motsatizana za makhalidwe a mzere ndi osakhala mzere. Pamene kafukufuku akupita patsogolo, kumvetsetsa pamodzi kwa LO ndi NLO ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukankhira malire a ukadaulo ndikukulitsa mwayi wa sayansi ya kuwala.